Agni, Akash, Prithvi & more: How a 1983 Kalam‑led project forged India's missile mastery

India's Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme began in 1983. This initiative aimed for domestic missile technology and strategic autonomy. Five distinct missile projects were conceived to meet operational needs. These projects transformed India into a credible missile manufacturer. The programme achieved significant technological independence in missile development.

By TOI DEFENCE DESK