Financial historians advise investors against making impulsive decisions during periods of high volatility, citing historical data that shows panic selling often exacerbates losses when market crashes occur.

Marking 680 years since Charles IV inherited the Bohemian crown, historians commemorate his father, King John of Luxembourg, who secured the imperial title before falling at the Battle of Crécy in 1346, praising his diplomatic and royal legacy.

A Malaysian Islamic university has dismissed an academic whose viral claims about ancient Malay civilization, including that Malays could fly and taught Chinese 'flying kung fu,' drew widespread ridicule from historians.

British historians Tom Holland and Dominic Sandbrook's podcast, 'The Rest Is History', unexpectedly rose to become the leading history podcast in the English-speaking world.

The first English colony in America, Roanoke, was found abandoned with mysterious inscriptions 'CRO' and 'CROATOAN' on a tree, a puzzle that continues to intrigue historians.

A biopic about Charles de Gaulle has become a surprise box office hit among younger viewers in France, with historians suggesting the enthusiasm reflects a desire for a unifying figure amidst political division.

The Seoul Historiography Institute is organizing free guided tours of four royal palaces from September to November, starting with Gyeongbokgung.

Real estate development company Darnu Group has introduced a new free educational route, 'Vilnius Bridges,' created in collaboration with scientists and city historians to explore Vilnius's history through its bridges.

Historians are advocating for improved signage at Ripiro Beach, known as the Ships' Graveyard, after a freshly washed-up ship fragment was plundered.

A group of historians and researchers has identified 137 factual errors in the 2024 Moldovan history textbook for 12th grade, deeming it 'unacceptable.'

Historians Lydie Bodiou and Véronique Mehl discuss Christopher Nolan's film 'The Odyssey,' focusing on its nuanced portrayal of gender relations and the role of women in constructing masculinity.

A new book from leading scholars and historians challenges the prevailing narrative that Gullah communities were isolated from the mainland US, highlighting their widespread influence.

Eighty years ago, the first food packages from the aid organization CARE reached post-World War II Austria, which was devastated by hunger and poverty. Historians describe these packages as a crucial lifeline for the country.

Historians estimate the Via Francigena, a pilgrimage route from Canterbury to Rome, stretched approximately 1700 kilometers and typically took 70 to 90 days to complete. It served as a path for pilgrims and trade since Archbishop Sigeric's journey in 990 AD.

Former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's quote emphasizes that politicians should approach history with humility, advocating for historians and experts to handle debated historical issues rather than political convenience.

Historians Dubravka Stojanović, Hrvoje Klasić, and Edin Omerčić discuss the challenges of confronting the past in the Balkan region, 31 years after significant events.

Historians are discussing whether any period in human history has been entirely free of war, defined as organized armed conflict between states or politically organized authorities. Stanford University historian Ian Morris suggests that nearly 99 percent of human history has not seen such conflicts.

The nearly 1,000-year-old Kars Castle, a prominent fortress in eastern Türkiye, is awaiting inclusion on the UNESCO World Heritage List as historians advocate for its recognition.

Historians Set Record Straight On 5 Events That Shaped America Authored by Janice Hisle via The Epoch Times, As America celebrates its 250th birthday, it’s prime time for historians…

Recent discoveries from DNA testing, archaeology, and archival research have significantly altered historians' knowledge and understanding of figures like Jefferson, Washington, and other Founding Fathers.

Historians and Greek community members are recalling the 1918 anti-Greek riots in Toronto, drawing parallels to contemporary anti-immigrant rhetoric and xenophobia.

An 11-member committee, including historians and archivists, will work on preparing the public release of secret agent files, timed for the 70th anniversary of the 1956 revolution. Márton Melléthei-Barna has submitted a bill on the matter.

A team of historians, scientists, and engineers has developed a portable X-ray scanner to study 4,000-year-old letters encased in clay envelopes. This technology allows for reading ancient texts without damaging the sealed artifacts.

A German exclusive report investigates the widespread use of the watermelon symbol in protests since October 7th, questioning whether it constitutes an antisemitic symbol and gathering insights from political scientists and historians.

Historians of German colonialism are increasingly focusing on the labor world, exploring how even in asymmetric employment relationships, the weaker side found room for agency and resistance.

A 'WhatsApp deletion drive' is underway in Westminster, raising concerns among future political historians who may struggle to access messages that have been automatically culled.

Artificial intelligence is set to empower historians and linguists to unlock previously unreadable texts, aiding in the resolution of historical and archaeological enigmas from the Phaistos Disc to Vatican archives.

Historians and chemists from Olomouc University and the Academy of Sciences are examining rare medieval manuscripts from the Olomouc Scientific Library, using advanced instruments to analyze the origin, composition, and painting techniques, including the discovery of brass.

Historians Stefano Bottoni and Karl Schlögel discussed Hungary's relationship with Russia following a power change and the Pope's potential role in mediation during a debate at the Goethe-Institut in Budapest.

France's recognition of its role in the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda marks a historic turning point, more than three decades after the tragic events, with historians noting the significance of this acknowledgment.

Historians in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic are actively searching for forgotten graves of World War I soldiers, adding to the nearly three thousand war graves already registered in the area.

The Spanish Civil War is once again at the forefront of historiographical debate, with a new collective work by fifty historians offering a renewed and internationally-scoped understanding of the conflict.

Fabian Figueiredo of the Left Bloc advocates for a 'serious debate' with specialists on document declassification, arguing against giving the far-right a 'negative veto power' on discussion topics and proposing hearings with historians and journalists.

As 140 years pass since the death of Leopold von Ranke, questions are raised about the significance of the author of 'The Serbian Revolution' for Serbs, Germans, and historians today.

New research using ancient DNA extracted from two-thousand-year-old bones is beginning to answer long-standing questions about the origins of the Balkan peoples, a topic previously debated by historians, linguists, and politicians.

Archaeologists and historians are speculating about the origin of a massive hoard of 4,772 silver coins found in Mørstadjordet in Åmot, Østerdalen, Norway, in April.

Historians are criticizing a controversial makeover of the Reflecting Pool, which involved former President Trump, with a group now filing a lawsuit over the changes.

Pedro Benevides and Tomás Toscano launch a new Rádio Observador podcast, "Adivinha Quem Vem Jantar," inviting chefs and historians to discuss how cooking brings people together.

Historian Inmaculada Urrea investigates various 'fakes' surrounding Gabrielle Chanel's life, from her childhood in an orphanage to her alleged collaboration with the Nazis and the myth that she couldn't sew.

Social media platforms are being criticized for their inaction regarding the widespread dissemination of AI-generated images and videos falsely depicting the Holocaust, despite alarms raised by memorial sites and historians.

A woman on a casual walk in the Czech Republic unearthed more than 2,000 ancient coins in a field, turning her stroll into a significant archaeological discovery. The find is considered a jackpot for historians and archaeologists.

A genealogist argues that artificial intelligence cannot replace human historians, emphasizing the need for critical intelligence and specialized training in historical research and source methodology.

Business historians have compiled a list of the greatest entrepreneurs in U.S. history, as reported by The Wall Street Journal.

New research examines Leonardo da Vinci's painting techniques, revealing how his extended creative process and material choices resulted in fragile artworks that require significant 'care work' from modern art historians.

Berlingske asked the Copenhagen Museum to evaluate a mysterious AI film circulating online that offers a virtual tour of the capital during Christian IV's time, finding it impressive but with significant flaws.

The article delves into the evolving role of art history in the era of artificial intelligence, describing art historians as "forensic investigators of human consciousness."

Veteran historians in Germany, including Winkler, Aly, and Longerich, explore in their new books the fundamental and haunting question of how Nazism could have happened and the avoidability of the National Socialist dictatorship.

The Center for Historical Research at the University of Sarajevo's Faculty of Philosophy is organizing a roundtable discussion on April 16, focusing on the role of historiography and historians in contemporary media and public space.

Historians have established that former President Truman's description of Hiroshima as "a military base" was inaccurate, a characterization made during his "apocalyptic promise" statement.

The Indian Act marks 150 years since it was enacted this month. CBC Radio's The House spoke with First Nations leaders, historians and legal experts about the Indian Act and attempts by First Nations…

A discussion on "Needham's question" explores why China, despite millennia of scientific advancements, did not develop its own scientific and industrial revolutions. The article delves into the historical context of China's scientific trajectory.

Historians and anthropologists are challenging the traditional image of the obedient Kazakh woman, revealing the reality of life on the steppe where Kazakh families shared the demanding work of survival.

A reader's opinion piece in a Finnish newspaper states that the confidentiality of patient records holds no surprises for a historian.

The work and authentic spirit of prominent sculptor and painter Ratko Vulanović, known for Nikšić's "Stone City" and who passed away in March 2023, are being discussed by art historians.

Sixty employees of the Slovak public television and radio (STVR) are currently awaiting official layoff notices, which are expected to be delivered gradually starting next Tuesday. This situation has created tension, with historians and dissidents supporting the editors, while Martina Flašíková attempts to calm employees via email.

Marking 50 years of Wanted! The Outlaws, artists and historians revisit the compilation that transformed Waylon, Willie, Jessi and Tompall into country’s defining rebels.

During the severe crisis of the 1990s, the regime explored models for survival without ever losing power. Today, facing an even bigger threat, Cuban historians and economists are analyzing possible scenarios

Historians and critics are drawing parallels between President Trump's rhetoric and policies on race and those of past presidents, particularly Woodrow Wilson, noting a grim echo from history.

Historians, politicians, and influential thinkers are debating the state of the world, with a focus on America, at Elmau Castle in Southern Bavaria.

Two historians and political scientists, Nikos Marantzidis and Stathis Kalyvas, who once shared a research path, now present different perspectives on the historical event of the '200 of Kaisariani'.

Medical historians have debated the origin of syphilis for decades. A new discovery in Colombia may provide an answer to this long-standing question.

• Historian William Dalrymple criticises move, later says museum has not ‘cancelled’ the term wholesale • Legal challenges instituted against campaign by UK Lawyers for Israel LONDON: The British Museum has removed the word ‘Palestine’ from some of its gallery displays, revising maps and information panels in its ancient Middle East collections on the grounds that the term was used inaccurately and is no longer historically neutral. Reports in leading British papers, including The Guardian, said the changes affect displays in the museum’s ancient Levant and Egypt galleries, where parts of the eastern Mediterranean coast had previously been labelled as ‘Palestine’, and some individuals described as being of “Palestinian descent”. At least one panel in the Egypt galleries was amended to replace “Palestinian descent” with “Canaanite descent”. The revisions followed representations from UK Lawyers for Israel (LFI), a voluntary group of solicitors, which wrote to the museum’s director arguing that the retrospective application of the term ‘Palestine’ across thousands of years obscured historical change and erased the emergence of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah from around the first millennium BCE. In its response, the museum said that while ‘Palestine’ had been widely used in Western and Middle Eastern scholarship since the late nineteenth century as a geographical designation, it no longer carried a neutral meaning and is now often understood as referring to a modern political territory. The museum said it uses ‘Can­aan’ for the southern Levant in the later second millennium BCE, UN terminology for modern political boundaries, and ‘Palestinian’ as a cultural or ethnographic identifier where appropriate. The decision has prompted criticism from historians and members of the public, with more than 5,000 people signing a petition calling for the museum to reverse the changes and arguing that they contribute to the erasure of Palestinian presence from public memory. The Guardian also noted that while several displays have been updated, the museum claims these changes were made last year after feedback and audience research. Historian and author William Dalrymple criticised the move, calling it ridiculous to remove the word ‘Palestine’, when it has a greater antiquity than the word ‘British’. “The first reference to Palestine is on the Egyptian monument of Medinet Habu in 1186 BCE. The first reference to Britain is the 4th century BC when it appears in the work of the Greek traveller Pytheas of Massalia,” he wrote on X. In a subsequent post, Dalry­mple said that after speaking with the museum’s director, Nich­olas Cullinan, he had lear­ned that reports about the muse­um cancelling the name ‘Palestine’ altogether were inaccurate. Quoting Cullinan, Dalrymple wrote: “To reassure you we are not removing mention of Pales­tine from our labels. Indeed, we have a display on at the moment about Palestine and Gaza.” According to the historian, the director of the British Museum had said that only two panels in the ancient Levant gallery were amended last year during a routine gallery refresh, and that the director had not been aware of the issue until it became public. Cullinan was quoted as saying he had not seen the letter from UK Lawyers for Israel until recently and was “disgusted by the whole thing”. Criticism Academics who spoke to Middle East Eye defended the historical validity of the term. Marchella Ward, a lecturer in classical studies at the Open University, said “ancient Palestine” was a legitimate scholarly descriptor. “I use the term ‘ancient Palestine’ frequently in my own research and will continue to do so,” she said, adding that claims the term is illegitimate are aimed at “the erasure of Palestinians”. The campaign group Energy Embargo for Palestine accused the museum of hypocrisy, saying it claims to objectively communicate history while “preparing itself to rewrite history, to erase Palestine, and its millions of people, out of the history books”. Critics also argue that the museum’s decision fits into what they describe as a broader pattern of pressure exerted by UKLFI on public bodies. According to the European Legal Support Centre (ELSC), a forthcoming database documents hundreds of incidents of alleged anti-Palestinian repression in the UK between 2019 and 2025, with UKLFI appearing in a significant number of cases. Giovanni Fassina, executive director at ELSC told Middle East Eye that the targeting of the British Museum was part of a “very clear pattern” of letters threatening legal action or alleging breaches of UK law. ELSC and the Public Interest Law Centre have submitted a complaint to the Solicitors Regulation Authority over UKLFI’s alleged use of strategic lawsuits against public participation (SLAPPs). The UK Charity Commission has also confirmed it is investigating the group’s charitable wing following complaints by advocacy organisations. UKLFI had argued in its letter that describing ancient civilisations as Palestinian creates “a false impression of continuity”. Published in Dawn, February 17th, 2026

Questions have arisen regarding whether the book cover features a self-portrait by the late artist Margrieta Celmiņa, challenging the established narrative from art historians and her family.

At the National Forum of Pedagogical Workers, dedicated to Moldova's 35th anniversary of independence, teachers, historians, and first parliament deputies discussed national identity and dignity, noting the journey from fear of speaking Romanian to freedom.

Chinese media has intensified its criticism of a US-born school of thought on China's last imperial dynasty, alleging that it provides 'theoretical ammunition' for attempts to divide the country.

The tomb of Emperor Otto the Great in Magdeburg has undergone restoration, leading to new research on his remains by historians and surgeons, and he will soon receive a new resting place.

Prompted by a new Christopher Nolan film, historians and archaeologists are discussing whether the legendary figure of Odysseus was a real historical person or purely a myth, exploring where history ends and myth begins.

Historians from Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Tatarstan are calling for a broader perspective on how the Golden Horde continues to shape historical narratives, emphasizing its lasting legacy.

The JNU Vice-Chancellor has proposed bringing a Venkateswara temple to the campus to generate funds and controversially stated that Draupadi was the first feminist, accusing JNU historians of distorting facts.

Historians are drawing parallels between the current global situation and the period leading up to 1914, raising questions about the possibility of a new world war.

Historians are questioning whether the Hollywood Walk of Fame has lost its appeal, citing cracked stars, aggressive vendors, and a boulevard that no longer feels glamorous.

Historians may need to revise the history of Pardubice Castle after the restoration of its Renaissance ceiling revealed it to be at least 150 years older than previously assumed. The discovery suggests the entire castle's history may need re-evaluation, dating back to the time of Charles IV.

Tiina and Otto Luukkonen recount their eventful 30-year journey in the Helsinki housing market, starting from their first home purchase three decades ago.

The Portuguese government has extended the commemorations of São Mamede to Ourique and Zamora, rebranding them as '900 years of the Foundation of Portugal,' a move debated by historians.

The city of Bad Vilbel has been renovating its water castle for two decades, with advice from building historians, monument conservators, and the Mainz Stone Institute, focusing on intricate details and complex questions.

Michael Stürmer, a prominent German historian known for his views on the political role of historians, has passed away.

Google DeepMind collaborated with Pele's family, historians, and eyewitnesses, utilizing advanced AI models to transform memories and historical fragments into moving images, reconstructing a legendary lost goal from 1959.

Slovak professional historians and their works are frequently accused by politicians, publicists, and even colleagues of interpreting history from non-Slovak perspectives.

Wexford historians received further funding from the Heritage Council to continue the second phase of their historic 'Looking for Limerick' project.

Historians remain divided over the centuries-old mystery of whether Homer was truly blind, while a separate phenomenon sees public obsession with an unseen film titled 'Odyssey.' This highlights a trend of films being 'canceled' before their premiere.

An opinion piece discusses how historians, aiming for integration since the 19th century, have centered their work on the nation, often resulting in exclusion, and explores the relationship between history and the present.

Historians are still divided on whether US founding father Thomas Jefferson passed a moral test presented to him by Polish general and freedom fighter Thaddeus Kosciuszko.

A group of researchers is actively promoting a conspiracy theory that Vincent Van Gogh did not commit suicide but was murdered, suggesting the truth was covered up and dividing art historians.

Serbian historians are experiencing significant divisions, with the field described as stagnating for years.

Eighty years on, the murder of Elizabeth Short, known as the Black Dahlia, remains unsolved, continuing to fascinate historians, journalists, and investigators worldwide.

Jemele Hill claimed on CNN that the Electoral College is entirely 'rooted in slavery' and that it cost Kamala Harris the election. Historians, however, argue that her assertion oversimplifies the complex and full history of the Electoral College.

Historians are challenging the popular image of Robin Hood as a noble outlaw, suggesting that the original medieval stories portray him with a darker character.

The 'Literaturm' literary festival in Frankfurt explored the tensions between East and West, discussing consumerism, the legacy of dictatorship, and the distinction between novelists and historians.

The Monarchists – Movement for the Kingdom of Serbia are demanding that state institutions allow historians and the public access to files and archival material created before 1976, over half a century ago.

Conservationists have illuminated the chambers beneath Lahore Fort, with some historians believing these underground spaces served as shelters for members of the Mughal royal family during times of crisis.

Authorities in Moldova are still debating the future of Soviet-era monuments in Chișinău, including an equestrian statue of Grigori Kotovski, whom historians now describe as a bandit rather than a hero.

According to BTA, members of the Macedonian part of the commission refused to adopt the text of a recommendation for presenting the Ohrid Archbishopric in 7th-grade textbooks in Macedonia, which was allegedly agreed upon in June 2024.

A dispute has arisen over the realignment of the Foundation Flight, Expulsion, Reconciliation, with historians warning against a 'paradigm shift in remembrance policy' while the Federation of Expellees supports the interior minister's plans.

Market historians are expressing concern about the prospect of Kevin Warsh becoming Fed Chair, drawing parallels to the 1987 market crash, which occurred during a similar period of economic uncertainty.

Historians are encouraged to make their insights more widely heard, as their knowledge could help explain political and societal upheavals.

Artificial intelligence is now being used to decipher medieval ciphers, revealing historical secrets from conspiracies and love letters to ancient remedies. Historians previously struggled with these complex codes, but AI is proving effective in unlocking their mysteries.

Brazil has reportedly stopped officially celebrating the abolition of slavery, with historians arguing that the Lei Áurea of 1888 legitimized an end that had already occurred socially, crediting the enslaved people themselves for their freedom.

Analysts and historians are debating Cuba's future, with the precedent of Caracas looming, but a 'capitalism without democracy' scenario is considered more likely than a full regime change.

An analysis of the 2,000 signatories of an anti-Bolloré petition reveals a diverse group, including sex workers, TV producers, and art historians, with some signatories feeling misled by an unannounced call for an UGC boycott.

Kaunas museum expert and historian Simonas Jazavita, along with Tapinas, discussed major Lithuanian history myths and conspiracy theories that continue to stir public consciousness.

Historians have long fought for the release of secret files concerning Josef Mengele, the 'Angel of Death' from Auschwitz, raising questions about why the Swiss government kept these documents sealed and if it fuels conspiracy theories.

Historians have responded to statements made by Boris Tadić, questioning the historical alignment and movements of Chetnik and Ustaše forces during World War II. The debate centers on their alleged cooperation and shared retreat paths.

Political scientists and historians note the intensely prime ministerial system of governance in post-junta Greece, particularly since the 1986 constitutional revision.

After years of efforts by historians, the Swiss intelligence service has granted access to the dossier on Nazi doctor and war criminal Josef Mengele held in the Swiss Federal Archives.

A discussion explores critical perspectives on the Constitution of May 3rd, suggesting that many historians subtly avoid evaluating its negative consequences.

Krste Crvenkovski continues to be a subject of debate among historians and political circles, with concerns raised that a significant portion of the population, especially those born after 1990, are unaware of his identity and advocacy during socialism.

The Trump administration is arguing that a decades-old law mandating the preservation of presidential records is unconstitutional, prompting warnings from historians about the potential destruction of important documents.

African historians present a stark report on the state of post-colonial universities, highlighting issues such as strikes, corruption, and underfunding, identifying the state as the primary obstacle to academic freedom.

A scientific conference of historians in April 2025 will reflect on the St. Nedelya Church attack in Sofia, one of the deadliest in history, a century after the event.

An article highlights an "untold story" from Montenegrin historiography, noting that while much was known about a particular event, little serious scientific work has been written on the topic by Montenegrin historians.

A century-old mystery may soon be solved as archaeologists and historians believe they have found significant evidence suggesting the remains of Vytautas the Great could be found this year.

A new book by historians Gilles Postel-Vinay and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, focusing on private wealth accumulation in the French capital, suggests that working-class youth are disproportionately funding the pensions of wealthy, elderly Parisians.

A historical article discusses the atrocities of slavery and the many global powers involved, with most historians dating the start of the transatlantic slave trade to 1500 with Portuguese traders.

Ukraine and Poland are set to host a conference for historians from May 6–8, providing a professional forum to discuss complex chapters of their shared history, foster dialogue, and strengthen bilateral partnership.

A new investigation reveals that Victorian historians misinterpreted ancient chronicles, debunking the long-held belief about the largest march in England's history.

Savotta, a family-owned equipment workshop in Central Finland, secured its largest deal in history, a 37 million euro order to equip the Finnish army with high-tech gear, having started with leather mittens.

Historians have restored the monastery library in Votice. They will ceremonially open it on Wednesday afternoon. Volumes from it disappeared 75 years ago.

Nissan has introduced its new all-electric Micra, described as agile to drive despite a cramped back seat. The company hopes the vehicle will address a gap in the automotive market.

Historians point out that Kowloon evoked both curiosity and fear in many – few dared to visit it...

Historians, politicians, and influential thinkers are debating the state of the world, with a specific focus on Russia, at Schloss Elmau in Southern Bavaria.

Historians, politicians, and influential thinkers gathered at Schloss Elmau in Southern Bavaria to debate the state of the world and present theses on Europe's future.

Historians Fusi and García Cárcel are defending themselves against accusations that they used artificial intelligence to write their book 'Vidas españolas', after a critic attributed a disproportionate number of errors to Wikipedia and other AI sources.

Panics, Politics, & Power: America's 3 Experiments With Central Banks Authored by Andrew Moran via The Epoch Times, The Federal Reserve, established more than a century ago, is the United States’ third experiment with central banking. For much of its existence, the institution maintained a low public profile. Only after the 2008 global financial crisis did the Fed begin communicating more openly, introducing post-meeting press conferences and allowing monetary policymakers to engage more frequently with the media. Greater transparency, however, has brought greater scrutiny. Public sentiment toward the Fed and its leadership has fluctuated over the years. Today, YouGov polling suggests the central bank is viewed favorably by 44 percent of Americans and unfavorably by 18 percent. If the Fed pursues a series of reforms, it will have “another great 100 years,” said Kevin Warsh, who was nominated by President Donald Trump to serve as the institution’s next chair. Comparable to past central banks, Warsh said, the current Federal Reserve System is beginning to lose the consent of the governed. “You can think about the Jacksonians of prior times say that the central bank seems like they’re trying to focus and they’re all preoccupied with those special interests on the East Coast, and they’ve lost track of what’s happening to us in the center of the country,” Warsh said in a July 2025 interview with the Hoover Institution’s Peter Robinson. “It’s a version of what worries me today.” What happened in the past, and why is it relevant to today’s central bank? The First Bank of the United States In the aftermath of the American Revolution, the United States faced a series of immense economic disruptions, forcing the nation’s architects to rebuild the economy. The objective was to lower inflation, restore the value of the nation’s currency, repay war debt, and revive the economy. Alexander Hamilton, the first secretary of the Treasury under the new Constitution, proposed establishing a national bank modeled on the Bank of England. Hamilton stated that a U.S. version would perform various duties, including issuing paper money, serving as the government’s fiscal agent, and protecting public funds. Not everyone shared Hamilton’s ebullience over a central bank. Thomas Jefferson, for example, feared that such an institution would not serve the nation’s best interests. Additionally, Jefferson and other critics argued that the Constitution did not grant the government the authority to create these entities. Nevertheless, Congress enacted legislation to establish the Bank of the United States. President George Washington then signed the bill in February 1791. Two of America's founding fathers: Thomas Jefferson (L) and Alexander Hamilton. The White House While bank officials did not conduct monetary policy as modern central banks do, they did influence the supply of money and credit, as well as interest rates. The entity managed the money supply by controlling when to redeem or retain state‑bank notes. If it sought to tighten credit, it would require payment in gold or silver, thereby draining state banks’ reserves and limiting their ability to issue new notes. If it wanted to expand credit, it simply held on to those notes, boosting state‑bank reserves and enabling them to lend more. By 1811, the national bank’s charter expired. While there had been discussions of allowing it to continue maintaining operations, Congress—both chambers—voted against renewing its mandate by a single vote. Its closure came shortly before the War of 1812, which fueled inflation and weakened the currency. Second Bank of the United States Lawmakers believed another central bank was critical at a time of fiscal, inflationary, and trade pressures. Congress used a similar 20-year model to produce the Second Bank of the United States, headed by Nicholas Biddle. The second incarnation had a federal charter, was privately owned, and was tasked with regulating state banks (with gold and silver for note redemption). President James Madison, who opposed the first central bank on constitutional grounds, supported the new institution out of financial necessity. Its creation stabilized credit and brought down inflation. However, by the 1830s, the bank faced strong opposition, particularly from President Andrew Jackson. Labeled the Bank War, Jackson engaged in a years-long initiative to dissolve the central bank. Jackson claimed the national bank was a tool for the wealthy eastern elite and a threat to self-government. “The Jacksonians described themselves as conscious hard-money men who supported the rigid discipline of the gold standard, yet they opposed the newly powerful national Bank because it restrained the expansion of credit and, thus, thwarted robust economic expansion,” author William Greider wrote in “Secrets of the Temple.” In 1832, Jackson vetoed legislation to recharter the bank four years early, delivering a fiery message that historians say was one of the most important vetoes in the nation’s history. “It is to be regretted that the rich and powerful too often bend the acts of government to their selfish purposes. Distinctions in society will always exist under every just government,” Jackson wrote. “There are no necessary evils in government. Its evils exist only in its abuses. If it would confine itself to equal protection, and, as Heaven does its rains, shower its favors alike on the high and the low, the rich and the poor, it would be an unqualified blessing. In the act before me, there seems to be a wide and unnecessary departure from these just principles.” The charter expired in 1836, leading to the panic of 1837. An economic crisis unfolded, leading to bank failures, business bankruptcies, rising unemployment, and contracting credit. While the collapse of the central bank is often considered a leading cause, the British also urged London banks to reduce credit to American merchants, causing a sharp drop in global trade. As the smoke cleared and dust settled, it was not until the 1840s that the United States embarked on a historic economic recovery, now known as the Free Banking Era. Banking was decentralized, and finance was largely unregulated. Despite an erratic financial system, the U.S. economy grew rapidly: agricultural production accelerated, railroads were built, and the country expanded westward. Additionally, deflation was paramount throughout most of the economic expansion. The Federal Reserve System The panic of 1907 led to the creation of the Federal Reserve System. Following years of heavy borrowing, speculative commodities investments (mainly copper), and enormous stock market gains, a financial crisis was brewing. The event nearly brought down the U.S. banking system. J.P. Morgan, a financier, intervened and emulated the actions of modern central banks. He met with the nation’s top bankers, facilitated emergency loans to financial institutions, and backed stockbrokers. The damage had been done as the United States fell into a year-long recession, marked by high unemployment and widespread bank failures. The Federal Reserve Board of Governors seal in Washington on Oct. 29, 2025. Madalina Kilroy/The Epoch Times Washington realized that it could not rely on private bailouts to prevent sharp downturns. Sen. Nelson Aldrich (R-R.I.) is widely regarded as one of the chief architects of the modern Federal Reserve System. In 1910, Aldrich hosted the famous Jekyll Island meetings, a gathering of U.S. officials and bankers, to discuss the blueprint of a new central bank. While the initial draft laid the foundation for the institution, the official Federal Reserve Act was drafted by President Woodrow Wilson, Rep. Carter Glass (D-Va.), and H. Parker Willis, an economist on the House Banking Committee. The new system was a public-private hybrid, with the federal government firmly in charge, and bankers running the regional reserve banks. “It was Wilson’s great compromise,” wrote Greider, “creating a hybrid institution that mixed private and public control, an approach without precedent at the time.” The legislation triggered a contentious political debate over the extent of its independence from the Treasury and the degree of authority delegated to policymakers over currency issuance. Days before Christmas, the bill cleared both chambers and was signed into law by Wilson on Dec. 23. “Wilson’s conviction that he had struck the right moderate balance seemed confirmed, however, by the reactions to his legislation,” Greider noted. “It was attacked by both extremes—the ‘radicals’ from the Populist states and the bankers in Wall Street and elsewhere.” Since its inception in 1913, the modern Federal Reserve has undergone numerous changes and has gained greater power. The New Deal, for instance, allowed the Fed to become the lender of last resort as Washington learned the central bank could not prevent bank failures. In 1951, the Treasury-Fed Accord restored central bank independence after the Federal Reserve had been forced to keep interest rates artificially low throughout the Second World War. Congress then enacted the Federal Reserve Reform Act in 1977, establishing the dual mandate of promoting maximum employment and maintaining price stability. 2026 and Beyond Over the past 50 years, the Fed has undergone modest changes, including the issuance of forward guidance and the disclosure of emergency lending facilities. But while each new regime has nibbled around the edges, Warsh has suggested he could effect substantial reforms at the central bank. “Until there’s regime change at the Fed and new people running the Fed, a new operating framework, they’re stuck with their old mistakes,” Warsh told Fox Business Network in October 2025. “Bygones aren’t just bygones.” Tyler Durden Wed, 02/18/2026 - 16:20

Political historians examine how allegations of genocide historically contributed to the ideological and organizational fracture between Zimbabwe's two major liberation movements.

Macedonian historians Kotlar and Trajkova have criticized statements by Bulgarian Vice President Iliana Iotova regarding a shared history between Macedonia and Bulgaria, particularly concerning the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising.

Historians state that the August 1991 coup attempt in the Soviet Union significantly weakened Mikhail Gorbachev's power while strengthening his rival, Boris Yeltsin, who emerged as a political hegemon.

The Mary Celeste, famously known as a ghost ship, continues to intrigue and baffle historians. Discovered adrift near the Azores in 1872 with no one on board, the disappearance of its captain, his wife, their daughter, and the entire crew remains an unsolved mystery.

The Oulu Region Joint Authority for Education (OSAO) is making its largest investment in history, allocating €120 million to vocational education. The project will create a 45,000 square meter campus complex in Kaukovainio.

Historians note similarities between former President Trump's immigration crackdown and US policies from the 1920s that limited newcomers amid economic and social turmoil, with Trump acting without Congress.

Researchers are engaged in a long-standing effort to crack the code of the 4,000-year-old Indus script, a challenge that continues to intrigue linguists and historians.

An opinion piece discusses 'The Fourth Turning' theory by historians William Strauss and Neil Howe, suggesting that the old order is currently breaking down.

An interview with Elon Musk, deemed indispensable for future historians, contributes to the ongoing discussion and questions surrounding figures like him as artificial intelligence progresses unstoppably, causing concern among even its creators.

The mystery surrounding the disappearance of Pan-Am Flight 526A, the 'Clipper Endeavor', 74 years ago has been solved, with historians and deep-sea researchers locating the wreck at a depth of nearly 600 meters off Puerto Rico, where 52 people died in 1952.

Historians continue to debate the precise location of the capital of the ancient Goguryeo kingdom, with Pyongyang being a significant point of discussion among scholars.

Berlin authorities plan to demolish a decades-old Nazi bunker located between major tourist attractions to build 66 new homes. The proposal has drawn criticism from historians concerned about the preservation of historical sites.

A Tehran Times article quotes an unnamed source stating that historians will describe a current event as a turning point in history, without specifying the event.

Heritage experts and historians in Terezín are searching for exact replicas of 18th-century bricks to properly repair the historically protected fortress.

Belgrade Mayor Aleksandar Šapić stated that no one has explained why a monument to Draža Mihailović is problematic, prompting historians to respond that the mayor has not listened to previous explanations.

A fire broke out in the historic Baťa factory complex in Zlín, Czech Republic, leading to discussions among architects and historians about whether to rebuild a replica or construct new architecture if the damaged building cannot be saved.

At the NATO summit in Ankara, Europeans face pressure regarding their military capabilities without the US, with historians suggesting that replacing the US army remains wishful thinking and highlighting Europe's true shortcomings.

New archaeological findings in Greenland are shedding light on why Vikings, known for their extensive travels, did not remain in the region for long, a mystery that has puzzled historians for years.

Historians Éric Roussel and Henri-Christian Giraud have discussed the historical accuracy of Antonin Baudry's film 'J’écris ton nom,' the second installment of 'La Bataille de Gaulle.' They examine whether the film, which aims to portray a 'quasi-Shakespearean' De Gaulle, takes liberties with the history of France's Liberation.

The village of Mereni and the city of Chisinau in Moldova will host their first film and history festival, bringing together historians, filmmakers, and cultural representatives from across Europe, with Poland also set to open a 'Memory Embassy' in the village.

New historical studies suggest that the legendary Robin Hood was not a hero but rather a 'morally ambiguous medieval swindler' and a 'violent outlaw,' challenging popular perceptions.

Ancient writings by Roman historians Tacitus and Josephus are highlighted as crucial non-Christian sources that incidentally confirm the existence of Jesus, mentioning him in their texts.

An artist has removed their work from a London museum following a dispute over a video installation that historians and others claimed incorrectly attributed blame to Winston Churchill for a famine in colonial India.

Finnish retail conglomerate Kesko has completed its largest acquisition to date, purchasing the operations of a major HVAC seller in other Nordic countries.

Scientists believe artificial intelligence could provide a breakthrough in deciphering ancient, previously unreadable manuscripts, potentially solving mysteries that have puzzled historians for centuries.

A newly discovered inscription in Pompeii is challenging official historical accounts of the city's destruction, leading to a division among historians as new evidence accumulates.

Historians Hana Kubátová and Dušan Kováč, along with commentator Marián Leško, will discuss key events and figures that shaped Czechoslovakia in the 20th century at a book discussion in Bratislava.

Ukraine has granted permission for exhumation work to proceed in Hołosko, Lviv, according to Poland's Institute of National Remembrance. Historians note that the area was a site of bloody battles for Lviv, and mass graves were discovered there years ago.

Ahead of the tenth History Fest, historians Husnija Kamberović and Emily Greble discussed how shared societal life poses a problem for political elites.

In last week’s column, I discussed how certain Pakistani historians challenged the ‘reactionary’ national narrative constructed by the state after 1971, when the country’s eastern wing violently…

During renovation work at the Shukhevych Museum in Bilohorshcha, a suspected hideout was uncovered, and historians are now examining the items found within.

Millions of NSDAP membership cards are now searchable online, transforming genealogical research into historical knowledge. Historians are discussing the implications for Germany's culture of remembrance.

Economic historians Werner Plumpe and Ralf Banken have authored a book detailing the ascent of Hertie to become one of Germany's four major department store chains, and its subsequent decline.

Historians are criticizing former President Trump's redesign of the Reflecting Pool, with one group filing a lawsuit over the changes.

Historians and philosophers have extensively studied the connection between Nazism and art, with a focus on how music became a powerful propaganda tool for the Third Reich in 1938, leading Germany to be declared the 'Land of Music'.

A new episode of the CEU Határtalan Tudás lecture series will feature historians seeking to answer what was lost at Mohács, with the event broadcast live on Telex.

An opinion piece by Bruno Ramos published in Público, arguing that those who resist the inevitable "new world" are, without realizing it, becoming historians of their own failure.

Historians have placed a memorial box containing coins and documents into a wall of the Larisch Villa in Pardubice, known as Zámeček. The box commemorates the building's origins and its tragic history, including its use by Nazis during the Heydrichiáda.

Intelligence historians are showing renewed interest in a 1932 murder of a factory director at the Lapua cartridge factory in Finland, with a Yle podcast seeking information on this and similar cases.

A Ukrainian-Polish Congress of Historians, scheduled for May 6-8 in Baranów Sandomierski, Poland, is anticipated to create a new platform for dialogue and foster reconciliation on complex historical issues between the two nations.

Serbian students embarked on an "insurgent march" to Takovo to commemorate the anniversary of the Second Serbian Uprising. Both students and historians drew parallels between their actions and the historical event, with students stating they felt a "smell of freedom" in Gornji Milanovac.

Retirees without specific professions, dentists, doctors of medicine, teachers, historians, girls and boys, old women and old men - viewer testimonials for TV calendar are listed.

Historians have long appealed to the National Archives to ensure on-site research of archival materials remains possible, and now researchers have demonstrated against new practices in Turku, stating they "seriously threaten the freedom of research."

A round table discussion was held at the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Sarajevo, focusing on the role of historians in the media industry and the importance of meaningful journalism.

Historians suing the Trump administration claim that the National Archives is unwilling to commit to preserving presidential records during the ongoing lawsuit.

Historians Stojanović and Klasić discussed that Serbs and Croats have historically rarely been at war, with their first direct conflicts occurring during World War II and the 1990s.

The article commemorates the 200th anniversary of the birth of French Symbolist painter Gustave Moreau, known for his dreamlike worlds exploring themes of Eros and death, whose work challenged art historians.

This article delves into the Battle of Ourique, examining its legends and myths and how historians distinguish factual events from propaganda to understand its cultural significance.

A four-story brick house in New York, appearing as a typical 19th-century building, has revealed a centuries-old secret to historians who are reportedly astonished by what they found beneath a dresser drawer.

A groundbreaking archaeological discovery of a 2000-year-old Roman forum beneath a hotel in Barcelona's historic center is prompting historians to re-evaluate the layout of the ancient Roman city of Barcino.

A North Karelian company in Finland, which previously suffered from weak demand, has secured the largest order in its history from a NATO country for a mine-clearing vehicle, anticipating significant growth from the defense sector.

The Austrian Interior Ministry has distanced itself from the honoring of a Nazi gendarme in Styria, who was murdered in 1943, with historians warning of a "political climate change" and calls for "contextualization."

REPORT - Johann Chapoutot, Nicolas Offenstadt, Gérard Noiriel, these academics impose a reading framework in public debate: the present would be a restart of the 1930s.

A commentary suggests that natural scientists and historians are becoming the unexpected leaders in artificial intelligence application, with the humanities poised for a significant revolution as algorithms gain reading capabilities.

Bridgerton’s depiction of Queen Charlotte as a Black monarch has revived a long-running historical debate about her ancestry. While some genealogists argue she may have descended from a Moorish lineage in medieval Portugal, most historians remain sceptical. The controversy highlights how popular culture can reopen historical questions about race, representation and interpretation in Europe’s royal past.

An author responds to criticism regarding their book, stating that professional historians who reviewed it did not suggest including Stalin's Finnish persecutions in Russia. The piece defends the book's scope and historical accuracy.

A satirical piece describes the discovery of a black box containing recordings of conversations from what historians believe was the last county bus to operate in Estonia, featuring the prime minister and regional minister.

The Danish government is allocating ten million kroner to address the significant gender imbalance in public statues, where only 43 depict women compared to 484 of men. Historians and art lecturers are positive about the initiative.

Historians stress the importance of preserving memory and fostering dialogue about contemporary events, citing the profound impact of photographs depicting the execution of 200 fighters in Kaisariani during German atrocities.

Bernard Hoffman/Getty Images Thanks to the postwar Baby Boom and other factors, families in the '50s began moving to the suburbs. Levittown in Long Island, New York, is widely recognized as the first modern American suburb. Each home looked the same — they were all built in the Cape Cod-style and cost around $7,000. As World War II came to an end, families looked for ways to start over. Emboldened by the GI Bill's provisions for home loans, they moved out of the cities in droves for newly developed suburban communities. In fact, the suburbs expanded by 47% during the 1950s, according to the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Levittown in Long Island, New York, was one of the first to introduce the idea of a pre-planned, mass-produced uniform suburban community, The New York Times reported. Families started moving there on October 1, 1947. Though the community welcomed an influx of families, non-white prospects weren't allowed. Notably, African Americans didn't see the same benefits from the GI Bill, and it would take some years before racial and ethnic minorities broadly shifted to the suburbs. Here's what it was like to live in America's first modern suburb in the 1950s. Before the 1950s, people mostly lived in cities to be close to factory jobs. Historical/Getty Images At the time, most people lived close to the city center to work in factories, or they lived in rural communities to work on farms, according to economist Jay Zagorsky. Everything changed in the 1950s when soldiers returned from World War II, sparking the great migration to the suburbs. Irving Haberman/IH Images/Getty Images The 1950 Census found that 60% of people lived in cities, while 40% lived in the suburbs. Thanks to factors like the construction of highways, the development of new neighborhoods from farmland, and even safety in the event of an atomic attack, these percentages would soon shift drastically. The GI Bill made it easier to afford a new home, prompting this transition from urban to suburban. Newsday LLC/Getty Images The GI Bill provided each returning soldier with benefits designed to stimulate economic growth. Each soldier was given a year of unemployment and free tuition to go to college. The military pledged to back all home loans, which allowed veterans to buy houses with little to no down payments. The Baby Boom started at the same time, causing many families to outgrow their city apartments. A family of four stands in front of their house in Levittown, NY. Joseph Scherschel/Getty Images Shortly after WWII ended, the Baby Boom began. In 1946, 3.4 million babies were born, more than ever before, and 20% more than in 1945, per History.com. This trend continued into the '50s. By the end of the boom in 1964, this generation made up 40% of the country's population. Most historians think it was because Americans were eager to have families after having postponed marriage and childbirth because of the Great Depression and World War II. Whatever the reason, people flocked to the suburbs to accommodate their growing families. In response to this growing need for space, suburban communities popped up at a faster rate in the '50s. An aerial view of a suburban community. Hulton Archive/Getty Images During the war, factories focused on creating wartime essentials, like airplanes and barracks. In the '50s, they refocused their efforts on building home components and automobiles using the new practices — like the assembly line — they implemented in the war, As a result, factories were able to produce materials for homes faster than ever before. Levittown in Long Island, New York, is widely recognized as the first modern American suburb. Tony Linck/Getty Images Levitt and Sons, a construction company, purchased a 7-square-mile plot of potato and onion farms in Long Island in 1947. They set out to build one of the first uniform suburban communities in the US. The community grew fast. In fact, a house was built every 16 minutes in Levittown. Tony Linck/Getty Images To construct the new community, which sits about 30 miles east of Manhattan, Levitt and Sons hired mostly unskilled workers to build the homes. They gave each a specific skill and created a sort of human assembly line. William Levitt even called his firm "the General Motors of the housing industry," The Guardian reported. The Levitts eventually constructed 17,447 houses between 1947 and 1951. During the peak of the construction boom, one was built every 16 minutes. People flocked to home sale events to get themselves a slice of suburbia. Al Fenn/Getty Images The first homes in Levittown cost new residents around $7,000, The Guardian reported. For veterans, there was no down payment. When adjusting for inflation, a Levittown home in 1950 would be roughly $97,000 in today's money. Every house in Levittown was identical. The Levitt family called it "the best house in the US." Joseph Scherschel/Getty Images At first, all the homes were built in the same style, and some residents even admitted to walking into the wrong house at times because they couldn't tell them apart, according to Khan Academy, citing Kenneth T. Jackson's "Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States." The picturesque community was lined with greenery. In fact, a tree was planted every 28 feet in Levittown. Newsday LLC/Getty Images Each home in Levittown sat on a 6,000-square-foot lot, The New York Times reported. Outdoor spaces, like backyards, became focal points. Robert W. Kelley/Getty Images With the growing number of children, outdoor spaces became increasingly important to the suburban neighborhood. Inside each home, there were four rooms, a built-in TV set, and Hi-Fi for the radio. Joseph Scherschel/Getty Images At first, they were modest homes, but most families saw their new suburban lives as luxurious. Most Levittown residents experienced the responsibilities of owning a home for the first time. A man and a woman clean opposite sides of a window. Many homeowners experienced the responsibilities of owning a home for the first time. Newsday LLC/Newsday via Getty Images Many Levittown homeowners learned homeownership responsibilities, such as tending to a lawn. The suburb helped cement the idea of the "nuclear family" in American culture. The community prided itself on neighborhood amenities, like this mobile public library. Joseph Scherschel/Getty Images There were also swimming pools that children could use during the summer. Levittown also had seven shopping centers. Underwood Archives/Getty Images The shopping centers were called "village greens" and were designed to make the town more of a bustling community, per Encyclopedia.com. The suburbs were also known for being a safe alternative to the gritty city streets. Joseph Scherschel/Getty Images Since the streets in the suburban neighborhood were considered safer than those in the city, parents used to allow children to bike around by themselves, per the National Center for Safe Routes to School. Levittown was also known as a cheaper option compared to an apartment in the city. Bernard Hoffman/Getty Images The mortgage on a home in Levittown was reportedly about $29 per month, while most paid $90 per month in the city. By comparison, the average rent in New York City in 2026 is just under $3,500, according to Zillow. The monthly cost of a 30-year mortgage on a Levittown home today would be roughly $2,000. With all the amenities and perks, the community grew rapidly. In less than a decade, the population of Levittown reached 82,000. Bettmann/Getty Images The community has over 17,000 homes, making it one of the largest private housing projects in the history of the US. As a result, Levittown became a model for other suburban communities in the US during the 1950s. A suburban community in the 1950s. Joseph Scherschel/Getty Images Suburban home construction boomed in the 1950s. In fact, at least 15 million units were under construction by the end of the decade, according to the Wealth Management Group. Although suburban communities boomed in the '50s, the shift was reserved for white Americans. Joseph Scherschel/Getty Images For years, there were rules that restricted minorities from buying homes in Levittown, and even as the Civil Rights Movement was starting to take form and the rest of the country began integrating after Brown v Board of Education in 1954, Levittown remained mostly white. Two-thirds of Levittown residents today are white, according US Census estimates. Some of the few non-white families resisted this standard. Some non-white residents like William Cotter and his family fought against Levittown's whites-only standard. Newsday LLC/Newsday RM via Getty Images In 1952, William Cotter, a Black man, and his family, sublet a home at 26 Butternut Lane. When the lease was up, Levitt refused to renew it or sell them the home. The refusal sparked support for the Cotters, and the family eventually purchased another home from a white homeowner. With modern highways leading to the suburbs, men commuted into the city. New highways leading to the suburbs didn't come without traffic. Newsday LLC/Newsday via Getty Images The suburban boom corresponded with the expansion of interstate highways in the US, starting the modern iteration of the commute from the suburbs to the city. In 1950, 80% of men in Levittown commuted to Manhattan for work, The Guardian reported. During a typical day, the streets of Levittown were filled with women, as the men were mostly working in the city. Bettmann/Getty Images When men left to fight in WWII, women began entering the workforce, gaining newfound independence and freedom. However, they were suddenly expected to give this up again and instead focus on childbearing and rearing. In 1963, author Betty Friedan wrote in "The Feminine Mystique" that the suburbs "were burying women alive." However, some believe that women's dissatisfaction with staying home "contributed to the rebirth of the feminist movement in the 1960s," History.com reported. Women also got active in civic engagement. Women and children protest in favor of new stop signs. Newsday LLC/Newsday RM via Getty Images In 1959, women of Levittown, with children in hand, protested in favor of putting stop signs in an area with automobile-related deaths. Levittown became a symbol of prosperity and anticommunism in American politics and culture. William J. Levitt speaks with three senators. Bettmann/Bettmann Archive/Getty Images As American politics increasingly centered on anticommunism and Cold War tensions rose, Levittown and suburbs like it took on a symbolic meaning in American culture, representing prosperity and the "American Dream." Levitt was once quoted saying, "No man who owns his own house and lot can be a Communist. He has too much to do." In 2026, Levittown is still a sizable community with a population of about 50,000. Though it's full of modern businesses and technology, the community still holds a legacy as a post-war suburban haven. Read the original article on Business Insider